Method and apparatus for supporting sectorization coordination

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus may be used to support coordinated and cooperative sectorized transmissions. Power control and clear channel assessment for sectorized transmissions may be used, along with sectorized beacon and associated procedures. Transmissions in a network may be protected by a first access point (AP) sending an omni-directional transmission and a beamformed or sectorized transmission to a station (STA), an overlapping basic service set (OBSS) confirming a spatially orthogonal (SO) condition based on the omni-directional transmission, and a second AP monitoring the omni-directional transmission and confirming the SO condition. The STA may be configured to receive a request-to-send (RTS) frame indicating data is available for transmission, and transmit a cooperative sectorized (CS) clear-to-send (CTS) frame indicating an ability for multiple AP reception.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/904,227 filed on Jul. 10, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/845,056 filed on Jul. 11, 2013, thecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY

A method and apparatus may be used to support coordinated andcooperative sectorized transmissions. Power control and clear channelassessment may be used for sectorized transmissions, along withsectorized beacons and associated procedures. Transmissions in a networkmay be protected by a first access point (AP) transmitting anomni-directional transmission and a beamformed or sectorizedtransmission to a station (STA), an overlapping basic service set (OBSS)confirming a spatially orthogonal (SO) condition based on theomni-directional transmission, and a second AP monitoring theomni-directional transmission and confirming the SO condition. The STAmay be configured to receive a request-to-send (RTS) frame indicatingdata is available for transmission, and transmit a cooperativesectorized (CS) clear-to-send (CTS) frame indicating an ability formultiple AP reception.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawingswherein:

FIG. 1A shows an example communications system in which one or moredisclosed embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 1B shows an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that maybe used within the communications system shown in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C shows an example radio access network and an example corenetwork that may be used within the communications system shown in FIG.1A;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example type 0 sectorization in IEEE 802.11ahused for hidden node mitigation;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example spatially orthogonal (SO) condition 1whereby an AP may use an omni-preamble to set up TXOP protection for asectorized beam transmission;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example SO condition 2;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams of an example SO condition 3;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams of an example SO condition 4;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example of facilitating SO detection bytransmitting a clear-to-send (CTS)-to-self packet;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example 800 of periodic sector trainingmethod;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example coordinated sectorized transmission;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example NDPA frame using multiple sectorsthat may be used in an omni-directional transmission;

FIG. 11 is a diagram of an example NDP frame using multiple sectors thatmay be used in an omni-directional transmission;

FIG. 12 is a diagram of an example feedback packet from a primary STA;

FIG. 13 is a diagram of an example feedback packet from a secondary STA;

FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example alternative coordinated sectorizedtransmission;

FIG. 15 is a diagram of an example sounding frame packet;

FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example SO transmission between an accesspoint (AP) and a STA when an SO condition is confirmed;

FIG. 17 is a diagram of an example cooperative sectorized (CS)transmission;

FIG. 18 is a diagram of an example STA-requested multi-AP training andfeedback procedure;

FIG. 19 is a diagram of an example AP-directed single AP training andfeedback procedure;

FIG. 20 is a diagram of an example STA initiated CS transmission;

FIG. 21 is a diagram of an example procedure where an AP may beconfigured to set its transmit power to ensure that a STA is notinterfered with;

FIG. 22 is a diagram of an example sectorized clear channel assessment(CCA) and omni-directional CCA;

FIG. 23 is a diagram of an example measurement request response field;and

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an example STA statistics request responsefield.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A shows an example communications system 100 in which one or moredisclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice,data, video, messaging, broadcast, and the like, to multiple wirelessusers. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless usersto access such content through the sharing of system resources,including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code divisionmultiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include WTRUs 102a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110,and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosedembodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks,and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 dmay be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in awireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c,102 d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals andmay include user equipment (UE), a station (STA), a mobile station, afixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, apersonal computer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, and thelike.

The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114 a anda base station 114 b. Each of the base stations 114 a, 114 b may be anytype of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to facilitate access to one or morecommunication networks, such as the core network 106, the Internet 110,and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an evolvedNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNB (HeNB), a site controller,an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the basestations 114 a, 114 b are each depicted as a single element, it will beappreciated that the base stations 114 a, 114 b may include any numberof interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

The base station 114 a may be part of the RAN 104, which may alsoinclude other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such asa base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relaynodes, and the like. The base station 114 a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within aparticular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (notshown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example,the cell associated with the base station 114 a may be divided intothree sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114 a mayinclude three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. Inanother embodiment, the base station 114 a may employ multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multipletransceivers for each sector of the cell.

The base stations 114 a, 114 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d over an air interface 116, which may beany suitable wireless communication link, (e.g., radio frequency (RF),microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and thelike). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radioaccess technology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 114 a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as universal mobiletelecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access (UTRA), whichmay establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMAmay include communication protocols such as high-speed packet access(HSPA) and/or evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include high-speed downlinkpacket access (HSDPA) and/or high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA).

In another embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as evolved UTRA (E-UTRA),which may establish the air interface 116 using long term evolution(LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

In other embodiments, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e.,worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 evolution-data optimized (EV-DO), Interim Standard2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856(IS-856), global system for mobile communications (GSM), enhanced datarates for GSM evolution (EDGE), GSM/EDGE RAN (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 114 b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, HNB, HeNB,or AP, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitatingwireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business,a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In one embodiment, the basestation 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radiotechnology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local areanetwork (WLAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114 b and theWTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet anotherembodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d mayutilize a cellular-based RAT, (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A,and the like), to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG.1A, the base station 114 b may have a direct connection to the Internet110. Thus, the base station 114 b may not be required to access theInternet 110 via the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may be in communication with the core network 106, which maybe any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications,and/or voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d. For example, the core network 106may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-basedservices, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution,and the like, and/or perform high-level security functions, such as userauthentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciatedthat the RAN 104 and/or the core network 106 may be in direct orindirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as theRAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connectedto the RAN 104, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, thecore network 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (notshown) employing a GSM radio technology.

The core network 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, 102 d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/orother networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephonenetworks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks anddevices that use common communication protocols, such as thetransmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) andthe Internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP suite. The networks 112 mayinclude wired or wireless communications networks owned and/or operatedby other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may includeanother core network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ thesame RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d in thecommunications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks. For example, the WTRU 102 c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured tocommunicate with the base station 114 a, which may employ acellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114 b, whichmay employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 1B shows an example WTRU 102 that may be used within thecommunications system 100 shown in FIG. 1A. As shown in FIG. 1B, theWTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, atransmit/receive element, (e.g., an antenna), 122, a speaker/microphone124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, a non-removable memory 130, aremovable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system(GPS) chipset 136, and peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that theWTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements whileremaining consistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), amicroprocessor, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSPcore, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA)circuit, an integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Theprocessor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control,input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables theWTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may becoupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to thetransmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118and the transceiver 120 as separate components, the processor 118 andthe transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic packageor chip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmitand/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/orreceive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet anotherembodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured totransmit and receive both RF and light signals. The transmit/receiveelement 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combinationof wireless signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted inFIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 122, (e.g., multipleantennas), for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the airinterface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. Asnoted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/orthe display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) displayunit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 mayaccess information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory,such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storagedevice. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identitymodule (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card,and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may accessinformation from, and store data in, memory that is not physicallylocated on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (notshown).

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 mayinclude one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),and the like), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which maybe configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In additionto, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from abase station, (e.g., base stations 114 a, 114 b), and/or determine itslocation based on the timing of the signals being received from two ormore nearby base stations. The WTRU 102 may acquire location informationby way of any suitable location-determination method while remainingconsistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digitalmusic player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internetbrowser, and the like.

FIG. 1C shows an example RAN 104 and an example core network 106 thatmay be used within the communications system 100 shown in FIG. 1A. Asnoted above, the RAN 104 may employ E-UTRA radio technology tocommunicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface116.

The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,the eNode-B 140 a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmitwireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102 a.

Each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may be associated with aparticular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radioresource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of usersin the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, theeNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may communicate with one another over an X2interface.

The core network 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility managementgateway (MME) 142, a serving gateway 144, and a packet data network(PDN) gateway 146. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted aspart of the core network 106, it will be appreciated that any one ofthese elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than thecore network operator.

The MME 142 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 cin the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. Forexample, the MME 142 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting aparticular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, and the like. The MME 142 may also provide a control planefunction for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

The serving gateway 144 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 140 a,140 b, 140 c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The serving gateway144 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c. The serving gateway 144 may also perform otherfunctions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers,triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c, and the like.

The serving gateway 144 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 146,which may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access topacket-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enableddevices. An access router (AR) 150 of a wireless local area network(WLAN) 155 may be in communication with the Internet 110. The AR 150 mayfacilitate communications between APs 160 a, 160 b, and 160 c. The APs160 a, 160 b, and 160 c may be in communication with STAs 170 a, 170 b,and 170 c.

The core network 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.For example, the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, tofacilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c andtraditional land-line communications devices. For example, the corenetwork 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g.,an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interfacebetween the core network 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the corenetwork 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to thenetworks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks thatare owned and/or operated by other service providers

A WLAN in infrastructure BSS mode may have an AP for the BSS and one ormore STAs associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface toa DS or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic inand out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSSmay arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Trafficoriginating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to theAP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAswithin the BSS may also be sent through the AP, where the source STAsends traffic to the AP, and the AP delivers the traffic to thedestination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be referred to aspeer-to-peer traffic, which may also be sent directly between the sourceand destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS) using an IEEE802.11e DLS or an IEEE 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using anindependent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and/or STAs,communicating directly with each other. This mode of communication maybe referred to as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication.

Using the IEEE 802.11 infrastructure mode of operation, the AP maytransmit a beacon on a fixed channel, usually the primary channel. Thischannel may be 20 MHz wide, and may be the operating channel of the BSS.This channel may also be used by the STAs to establish a connection withthe AP. The fundamental channel access mechanism in an IEEE 802.11system may be carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance(CSMA/CA). In this mode of operation, every STA, including the AP, maysense the primary channel. If the channel is detected to be busy, theSTA may back off. Hence, only one STA may transmit at any given time ina given BSS.

In IEEE 802.11n, high throughput (HT) STAs may also use a 40 MHz widechannel for communication. This may be achieved by combining the primary20 MHz channel with an adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz widecontiguous channel. IEEE 802.11n may operate on a 2.4 GHz and a 5 GHzindustrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band.

In IEEE 802.11ac, very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz and 80 MHz, channelsmay be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels similar to IEEE802.11n described above. A 160 MHz channel may be formed either bycombining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining twonon-contiguous 80 MHz channels. This may be referred to as an 80+80configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channelencoding, may be passed through a segment parser that divides it intotwo streams. Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domainprocessing may be performed on each stream separately. The streams maythen be mapped on to the two channels, and the data may be transmitted.At the receiver, this mechanism may be reversed, and the combined datamay be sent to the medium access control (MAC) layer. IEEE 802.11ac mayoperate on a 5 GHz ISM band.

Sub 1 GHz modes of operation may be supported by IEEE 802.11af, and IEEE802.11ah, whereby the channel operating bandwidths are reduced relativeto those used in IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11ac. IEEE 802.11af maysupport 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the television (TV) whitespace (TVWS) spectrum, and IEEE 802.11ah may support 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using a non-TVWS spectrum. A possibleuse case for IEEE 802.11ah may be to support for machine typecommunication (MTC) devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices mayhave limited capabilities including only support for limited bandwidths,but also may include a requirement for a very long battery life.

In IEEE 802.11ad, wide bandwidth spectrum at 60 GHz may be available,thus enabling VHT operation. IEEE 802.11ad may support up to 2 GHzoperating bandwidths, whereby the data rate may reach up to 6 Gbps. Thepropagation loss at 60 GHz may be more significant than at the 2.4 GHzand 5 GHz bands. Therefore, beamforming in 802.11ad may extend thecoverage range. To support the receiver requirements for this band, theIEEE 802.11ad MAC layer may be modified in several areas. Onesignificant modification to the MAC may include procedures to allowchannel estimation training, including omni and beamformed modes ofoperation, which may not exist in IEEE 802.11ac.

WLAN systems which support multiple channels and channel widths, such asIEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11af and IEEE 802.11ah, mayinclude a channel which is designated as the primary channel. Theprimary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest commonoperating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth ofthe primary channel may be limited by the STA, of all STAs in operatingin a BSS, which may support the smallest bandwidth operating mode. Inthe example of IEEE 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide ifthere are STAs, (e.g., MTC type devices), that only support a 1 MHz modeeven if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS, may support a 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8MHz, 16 MHz, or other channel bandwidth operating modes. All carriersensing, and network allocation vector (NAV) settings, may depend on thestatus of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel isbusy due to a STA supporting only a 1 MHz operating mode while istransmitting to the AP, then the entire available frequency bands may beconsidered busy even though a majority of the bands stays idle andavailable.

In the United States, the available frequency bands which may be used byIEEE 802.11ah may include 902 MHz to 928 MHz frequency bands. In Korea,the available frequency bands which may be used by IEEE 802.11ah mayinclude 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz frequency bands. In Japan, the availablefrequency bands which may be used by IEEE 802.11ah may include 916.5 MHzto 927.5 MHz frequency bands. The total bandwidth available for IEEE802.11ah may be 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.Accordingly, the available frequency bands may be different, dependingupon the country. However, discussion of a particular frequency band isnot intended to limit the procedures and apparatus described herein.

A wireless local area network (WLAN) in infrastructure basic service set(BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or morestations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access orinterface to a distribution system (DS) or another type ofwired/wireless network that carries traffic in and out of the BSS.Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive throughthe AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAsto destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered tothe respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS mayalso be sent through the AP, where the source STA sends traffic to theAP, and the AP delivers the traffic to the destination STA.

To enable improved cell coverage, and improved spectral efficiency, itmay be desirable to consider coordination between APs for joint andcoordinated transmission to STAs. In particular, when each AP isequipped with multiple sectorized antennas to cover different sectors,it may be beneficial to allow multiple APs to transmit at the same timeto each of its own group of STAs. Simultaneous transmission frommultiple APs may improve the area spectral efficiency of the underlyingwireless network.

Careful system designs may be needed to guarantee that the multiplesimultaneous transmissions do not interfere with each other at thereceiver sides. Methods may be implemented to enable multiple APs tocoordinate with each other using sectorized antennas.

Sectorization in WLAN systems may be implemented in accordance with IEEE802.11ah and IEEE 802.11ad. An IEEE 802.11ah AP may conduct sectorizedtransmissions, while an IEEE 802.11 non-AP may conduct omni-directionaltransmissions.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example type 0 sectorization 200 in IEEE802.11ah used for hidden node mitigation. An AP may divide the space inmultiple sectors, for example, sector interval 1 210, sector interval 2,220, and sector interval 3 230, and use a time division multiplexing(TDM) approach to allow STA transmissions in one sector at a time. STAsmay be allowed to transmit and receive data only in the time intervalcorresponding with their sector. For example, sector interval 1 210 mayinclude a beacon transmission sector 1 240 and an access STA sector 1250, sector interval 2 220 may include a beacon transmission sector 2260 and an access transmission sector STA 2 270, and sector interval 3may include a beacon transmission sector 3 280 and an accesstransmission sector STA 3 290. Some of the time intervals may be leftfor channel access to all sectors at the same time, for example in a BSSinterval 295. In this example, BSS interval 295 may include anomni-transmission beacon 297, and a portion allocated to access all STAsin the BSS 299.

For type 1 sectorized beam operation, the AP may transmit and receiveusing omni-transmission beams (omni beams) and sectorized-transmissionbeams (sectorized beams). The AP may alternate between a sectorized beamand an omni-beam. A sectorized beam may be used when the AP is aware ofthe best sector for communications with a STA, or in a scheduledtransmission, such as during a restricted access window (RAW) or duringa transmission opportunity (TXOP) of a STA. Otherwise, or following thisprocedure, the AP may switch back to an omni-beam operation andprocedure.

A sectorized transmit beam may be used in conjunction with a sectorizedreceive beam. The AP may associate a STA with a specific group using aGroup ID, for example the association may be related to the samesector/group identity (ID) based on the best sector for communicationswith the STA.

Four spatially orthogonal (SO) conditions may be used for type 1sectorized operations. FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example 300 of a SOcondition 1 whereby an AP 310 may use an omni-preamble 315 to set upTXOP protection for the sectorized beam transmission 320. Anomni-preamble may be a preamble that is transmitted with anomni-directional antenna such that all the STAs in the BSS may receiveit. Once the proper TXOP protection is set up with a long preamble 325,the sectorized beam transmission 320 may be used for the remainder ofthe TXOP. The long preamble 325 may be greater than or equal to 2 MHz,and may be used for both single user (SU) and multi-user (MU)transmissions. The long preamble 325 may be used for a long packet frameformat 340. The long packet frame format 340 may be used for SU and MUbeamformed transmission using 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz PPDUs. Thestructure of the long preamble 325 may be a mixed format structure. Thesectorized beam transmission 320 may performed using Greenfieldbeamforming (BF). The Greenfield BF may be a non-backwards compatiblebeamforming that may be used in 802.11ah, for example. SO condition 1may be confirmed by an overlapping BSS (OBSS) STA/AP (not shown) notreceiving a transmission from STA 330. Referring to FIG. 3, an OBSS STAmay expect a following STA transmission when it detects a positiveacknowledgement (ACK) indicator (Ind)=00, 10, Ack Ind=11/Ack Policy=00in the AP omni-transmission packet, and the sectorized-transmissionportion of AP 310 within the long packet 325.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example 400 of a SO condition 2. An AP 410 mayuse a short preamble 415 with an omni-directional transmission to set upTXOP protection for the sectorized beam transmission 420. The shortpreamble 415 may be greater than or equal to 2 MHz, and may be used forSU transmissions. The short preamble 415 may be used for a short packetframe format 430. The short packet frame format 430 may be used for SUtransmissions using 2 MHz, 4 MHz, and 16 MHz PPDUs. As shown in FIG. 4,the TXOP protection may be set up at the second transmission by the AP.Once the proper TXOP protection is set up, the sectorized transmission420 may be used for the remainder of the TXOP. The sectorizedtransmission 420 may be performed using Greenfield BF. SO condition 2may be confirmed by an OBSS STA/AP (not shown) not receiving atransmission from a STA 425. Referring to FIG. 4, the OBSS STA mayexpect a following STA 425 transmission when it detects Ack Ind=00, 10,or Ack Ind=11/Ack Policy=00 in the AP1 omni packet, and the sectorizedtransmission of AP 410 following the omni packet with ACK Policy=BlockAck.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams of an example 500 of a SO condition 3. AnAP 510 may start a frame exchange by transmitting anomni-request-to-send (RTS) packet 515 to solicit a clear-to-send (CTS)packet 520 in response from a STA 525, and then may use theomni-directional transmission to set up the protection for the durationof the sectorized beam transmission and the switch to the sectorizedbeam transmission 530 for the remainder of the protected duration. TheSO condition may be confirmed by an OBSS STA or AP which observes theomni-directional transmission of the AP, but not the beamformedtransmission of the AP, and not the station's transmission. An OBSS STAor OBSS AP may infer its spatial orthogonality with the AP 510 byobserving the omni-transmitted-RTS 515 and omni-transmitted-preamble 535of the long packet 540, but not the subsequent sectorized beamtransmission. In this example, the omni-transmitted-preamble 535 of thelong packet 540 may be a long preamble. An OBSS STA or OBSS AP may inferits spatial orthogonality with the STA by observing a gap of notransmission between the omni-transmitted-RTS 515 and theomni-transmitted-preamble of the long packet 540. Alternatively, asshown in FIG. 5B, an OBSS STA or OBSS AP may infer its spatialorthogonality with the AP 510 by observing the omni-transmitted-RTS 515and the omni-transmitted short packet transmission 545, but notobserving the subsequent sectorized beam transmission 550. Theomni-transmitted short packet transmission 545 may include a shortpreamble. An OBSS STA or OBSS AP may infer its spatial orthogonalitywith the STA 525 by observing a gap of no transmission between theomni-transmitted-RTS 515 and the omni-beam short packets 545 by the AP510.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams of an example 600 of a SO condition 4. InFIGS. 6A and 6B, a STA 610 may transmit a frame 620 to set up TXOPprotection. The frame 620 may be, for example, a PS-Poll frame, atrigger frame, or any other frame. When the TXOP protection is set up byomni-directional transmission for a duration within a TXOP, and if theSO condition is confirmed by an OBSS STA/AP, the OBSS STA/AP may cancelits NAV to initiate a new SO exchange starting with a non-BF RTS/CTS.Once an AP 630 switches to the sectorized beam transmission 640 duringan exchange, it may continue with Greenfield sectorized beamtransmission for the remainder of the protected duration.

An SO condition may be defined as a OBSS STA/AP which receives theomni-transmission but not the sectorized transmission from the AP,(which may be either the TXOP holder or responder), and not thetransmission from the STA, (which may be either the TXOP responder orholder).

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example 700 of facilitating SO detection bytransmitting a clear-to-send (CTS)-to-self packet. In this example,Information elements (IEs) for Type 0 and Type 1 sectorization mayinclude a 1-bit sector ID indicator in the CTS-to-self packet 710, andmay precede SO conditions 1 or 2, to facilitate the detection of the SOconditions. In this example, an AP 720 may transmit a CTS-to-self packet710 to set up TXOP protection. The CTS-to-self packet 710 may be anomni-transmission, and may include a spatial orthogonality indicator tofacilitate the discovery of SO conditions. STA 730 may receive theCTS-to-self packet 710. STA 730 may also receive an omni-transmission740. In this example, the STA 730 may not receive the sectorized beamtransmission 750 since the sectorized beam transmission 750 may bespatially orthogonal.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example 800 of periodic sector trainingmethod. For each periodic restricted access window (PRAW) 810, the AP820 may transmit a beacon frame 830 followed by a number of trainingpackets. The training packets may include anull-data-packet-announcement frame (NDPA) 840 and one or more null datapacket (NDP) frames 850, 860, 870. Different NDP frames may betransmitted using different sectorizations while the NDPA frame 840 maybe transmitted in an omni-directional manner. The purpose of the NDPAframe 840 may be to announce ensuing NDP frames to allow STAs to preparefor reception. The NDP frames 850, 860, 870 may be used by the STAs tomeasure channel strength for different sectorizations such that each STAmay report the best sectorization at a later time.

In IEEE 802.11ad, STAs and APs may conduct sectorized beamtransmissions. A beamformed TXOP may be reserved by a source STA or APby transmitting one or more beamformed RTS directional multi-gigabits(DMG) CTS frames. The STAs that receive the RTS/DMG CTS may obey theirNAVs. A recipient DMG STA which receives a valid RTS from the source STAor AP during a Service Period (SP) may also transmit a DMGdenial-to-send (DTS) to tell the source STA or AP to postponetransmissions if one of the NAV timers at the recipient STA is non-zero.

A personal BSS (PBSS) control point (PCP) may request a pair of STAsthat intend to conduct directional transmissions to each other toconduct measurement while another pair of STAs is actively transmittingdirectionally. Subsequently, the PCP may request that the second pair ofSTAs conduct directional measurements while the first pair of STAstransmits directionally to each other. If both pairs of STAs report noor little interference from each others transmissions, the two pairs ofSTAs may be scheduled in the same service period (SP) to conductconcurrent directional transmissions.

Protection for STAs that are anticipated to operate in a sector may beset up by the AP using an omni-directional beam transmission for aduration within a TXOP to STAs within the sector. If the SO conditionfor one or more STAs is confirmed by an OBSS STA or AP, the OBSS STA orAP may reset its NAV to initiate a new SO exchange starting with anon-beamformed RTS/CTS.

To enable improved cell coverage and improve spectral efficiency, it isdesirable to consider coordination between APs for joint and coordinatedtransmission to STAs. In particular, when each AP is equipped withmultiple sectorized antennas to cover different sectors, it isbeneficial to allow multiple APs transmit at the same time to each ofits own STAs within their respective BSSs. Simultaneous transmissionfrom multiple APs may improve the area spectrum efficiency of theunderlying wireless network. Systems may be designed to guarantee thatthe multiple simultaneous transmissions do not interfere with each otherat the receiver sides. Toward this objective, methods and devices may berequired to enable multiple APs to coordinate with each other usingsectorized antennas.

To enable improved cell coverage and improve spectral efficiency, it maybe desirable to coordinate between APs for joint and coordinatedtransmission to STAs. For example, when each AP is equipped withmultiple sectorized antennas to cover different sectors, it may bebeneficial to allow multiple APs to transmit at the same time to asingle STA. Simultaneous transmission from multiple APs to a single STAmay improve the throughput or reliability to the STA and in turn improvethe spectrum efficiency of the underlying wireless network. Systems maybe designed to perform training, feedback and data transmission from themultiple APs with sectorized antennas to a single STA.

An AP1-STA1 communication may be referred to as the primarycommunication link, while the an AP2-STA2 communication may be referredto as the secondary communication link. In this example, AP1 may be theprimary AP, STA1 may be the primary STA, AP2 may be the secondary AP,and STA2 may be the secondary STA. An AP that initiates a sectorizationprocedure may be referred to as the primary AP, which is AP1 in thisexample.

In IEEE 802.11ah, for example, type 1 sectorization may be defined toallow an OBSS AP/STA to transmit at the same time as the primary AP, ona condition that the SO checking is passed. Nevertheless, the SOchecking may not be sufficient to guarantee that the new OBSS AP/STAtransmission would not interfere with receiving at the primary STA.Accordingly, power control procedures may be needed, in addition to theSO condition checking, to assure that the OBSS AP/STA may not causeunintended interference while transmitting at the same time as theprimary AP.

For non-sectorized IEEE 802.11 transmissions, an AP may perform clearchannel assessment (CCA) before transmission. When a preamble ispresent, the CCA algorithm may indicate a busy channel with >90%probability within a 4 μs observation window when the signal is receivedat −82 dBm. Further, if a preamble is not present, the CCA algorithm mayindicate a busy channel with >90% probability within a 4 μs observationwindow when the signal is received at −62 dBm. In both cases, thetransmission may be omni-directional. For sectorized transmissions, theCCA may be used to take care of the transmit sectorization gain and thereceive sectorization gain, which are potentially different.

In another IEEE 802.11ah example, type 1 sectorization for an AP maystart a TXOP using an omni-beam transmission that may reach both STAssupporting type 1 sectorization, and STAs not supporting type 1sectorization. The use of an omni-beam transmission may enable the setupof the NAV protection for the duration of subsequent sectorized beamtransmission operations. During type 1 sectorization, a sectorizedbeacon may be used to configure operation for STAs in an active sector,for example, using a sectorized beacon type. STAs that do not supportsectorized procedures or operations may not be capable of interpretingor using a sectorized beacon.

A non-sector-capable STA may operate while in the reception range of asectorized transmission. For example, non-sector capable STAs ornon-sector enabled STAs that are located outside, but within receptionrange, of one or more active sectors may receive prohibitiveinterference from these sectors. Procedures may be implemented formitigating this interference.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example coordinated sectorized transmission900. In this example, two neighboring APs 910, 920 may serve their ownSTAs 915, 925, respectively, at the same time, each with sectorizedtransmissions. For example, the communication between AP 910 and STA 920may be the primary communication link, while the communication betweenAP 920 and STA 925 may be the secondary communication link. AP 910 mayalso be referred to as the primary AP, STA 915 may also be referred toas the primary STA. AP 920 may be referred to as the secondary AP, whileSTA 925 may be referred to as the secondary STA. The AP that initiatedthe procedure may be the primary AP, AP 910 in this example. Inaddition, the STA that is associated with the primary AP may be theprimary STA, STA 915 in this example.

Referring to FIG. 9, AP 910 and AP 920 may transmit a null data packetannouncement (NDPA) frame 911, 921, respectively, to announce that nulldata packet (NDP) frames from AP 910 and AP 920 may follow. Thistransmission may assist the intended STAs (STA 910 and STA 920) toinitiate preparation for channel estimation and feedback later. Thistransmission may also assist to reserve the TXOP for the APs/STAs. Foreach AP, an NDPA frame may be transmitted using multiple sectors, or theNDPA frame may be transmitted using an omni-mode.

As shown in FIG. 9, AP 910 may transmit an NDP frame 912 a shortinterframe space (SIFS) duration 930 after the NDPA frame 911. NDP 912may be used by STA 915 to estimate and select a proper transmitsectorization from AP 910. NDP frame 912 may also be used by STA 925 toestimate and test spatial orthogonality between AP 910 and STA 925.

As shown in FIG. 9, NDP frame 912 may be transmitted using the multipletransmit sectorization of AP 910. NDP frame 912 may be transmittedearlier than the time period shown in FIG. 9. In such a case, it may beassumed that the channel has not changed significantly since theprevious NDP training was performed. AP 920 may transmit NPD frame 922 aSIFS duration 940 after NDP frame 912. NDP frame 922 may be used by STA925 to estimate and select a proper transmit sectorization from AP 920.NDP frame 922 may also be used by STA 915 to estimate and test SObetween AP 920 and STA 915.

As shown in FIG. 9, NDP frame 922 may be transmitted using multipletransmit sectorization of AP 920. AP 920 may transmit NDP 922 before AP910 transmits NDP frame 912. In such a case, it may be assumed that thechannel has not changed significantly since the previous NDP trainingwas performed.

STA 915 may transmit a feedback packet 913 in response. The feedbackpacket from STA 915 may include the desired sector from AP 910. AP 910may use the selected sector to transmit to STA 915. The feedback packet913 from STA 915 may also include one or more desired sectors from AP920. AP 920 and STA 915 may be SO if any of the desired sectors are usedby AP 920. The feedback packet 913 from STA 915 may also includeundesired sectors from AP 920. AP 920 and STA 915 may not be SO if anyof the undesired sectors are used by AP 920. The feedback packet 913from STA 915 may also be heard by STA 925. STA 925 may use theinformation in feedback packet 913 to infer the expected transmitsectorization from AP 915.

In an example where STA 915 is not heard by STA 925, AP 910 may transmita sectorization confirmation signal to STA 915 and STA 925 to confirmwhich sector is to be used, and also to help STA 925 to check SO. Thefeedback packet 913 from STA 915 may also include the recommendedmodulation and code scheme (MCS) for AP 910. The recommended MCS fromSTA 915 may assist proper link adaptation in AP 910. The feedback packet913 from STA 915 may also include the recommended transmit power for AP910. The recommended transmit power from STA 915 may assist proper powercontrol in AP 910. The primary STA, STA 915 in this example, maytransmit the feedback packet 913 earlier than the secondary STA, STA 925in this example. As indicated earlier, rules may be created for when theAP may be the primary AP and when the STA may be the primary STA. In theevent that NDP frame 911 is transmitted earlier than the time periodshown in FIG. 9, the feedback packet 913 may contain the sector IDinformation based on the earlier-transmitted NDP frames. In the eventthat the NDP frame 922 is transmitted earlier than the time period shownin FIG. 9, the feedback packet 913 may contain the sector ID informationbased on the earlier-transmitted NDP frames.

Referring still to FIG. 9, STA 925 may transmit a feedback packet 923.STA 925 may monitor the NDP transmission from AP 910, the NDPtransmission from AP 920, and the feedback packet 913 from STA 915. STA925 may infer the expected transmit sectorization from AP 910, based onthe STA 915 selection. STA 925 may test if spatial orthogonality holdstrue between AP 910 and STA 925, if the sector chosen by STA 915 is usedby AP 910. If spatial orthogonality is true between AP 910 and STA 925,STA 925 may transmit a good-to-go signal to AP 920 and, along with it,transmit the best transmit sector from AP 920, on the condition that theselected transmit sector is compatible with STA 915. For example, theselected transmit sector from AP 920 may guarantee spatial orthogonalitybetween AP 920 and STA 915. STA 920 may transmit the selected MCS fromAP 920, on the condition that the selected transmit sector guaranteesspatial orthogonality between AP 920 and STA 915. This procedure mayhelp proper link adaptation at the secondary AP. STA 925 may transmitthe proper transmit power recommended for AP 920. This procedure may aidin proper power control at the secondary AP. In the event that the NDPframe 912 is transmitted earlier, the feedback packet may contain thesector ID information based on the earlier-transmitted NDP frames. Inthe event that the NDP frame 922 is transmitted earlier, the feedbackpacket may contain the sector ID information based on theearlier-transmitted NDP frames. If spatial orthogonality is falsebetween AP 910 and STA 925, STA 925 may transmit a no-go signal to AP920, implying that AP 920 transmission is prohibited due to interferencefrom AP 910. AP 910 may proceed to transmit 950 to STA 915 using theselected transmit sectorization indicated in the feedback packet 913from STA 915. If AP 920 receives a good-to-go signal from STA 925, AP920 may use the selected transmit sectorization to transmit 960 to STA925, in the same time period when AP 910 is transmitting to STA 915. IfAP 920 receives a no-go signal from STA 925, AP 920 may determine not totransmit to STA 925. After the transmission 950 is completed, STA 915may transmit an ACK packet 955 to acknowledge correct decoding of thesignals from AP 910. If AP 920 transmits to STA 925 in the meantime, STA925 may also transmit an ACK packet 965 to acknowledge correct decodingof the signals from AP 920.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example NDPA frame 1000 using multiplesectors that may be used in an omni-directional transmission. The NDPAframe 1000 may include multiple sector fields. For example, the NDPAframe 1000 may include a first field for sector 1 1010, a second filedfor sector 2 1020, and so on, up to an N field for sector N 1030. Eachsector field may be separated by a guard interval (GI) 1040, 1050, and1060, respectively.

FIG. 11 is a diagram of an example NDP frame 1100 using multiple sectorsthat may be used in an omni-directional transmission. The NDP frame 1100may include multiple sector fields. For example, the NDP frame 1100 mayinclude a first field for sector 1 1110, a second filed for sector 21120, and so on, up to an N field for sector N 1130. Each sector fieldmay be separated by a GI 1140, 1150, and 1160, respectively.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of an example feedback packet 1200 from a primarySTA. The feedback packet 1200 may include a header 1210, a servingsector ID field 1220, an MCS field 1230, a power control field 1240, aspatial orthogonal sector ID field 1250, and a non-spatial orthogonalsector ID field 1260. The serving sector ID field 1220, MCS field 1230,and the power control field 1240 may be associated with a first AP. Thespatial orthogonal sector ID field 1250 and the noon-spatial orthogonalsector ID field 1260 may be associated with a second AP. The spatialorthogonal sector ID field 1250 may identify a desired sector, and thenon-spatial orthogonal sector ID field 1260 may identify a non-desiredsector.

FIG. 13 is a diagram of an example feedback packet 1300 from a secondarySTA.

The feedback packet 1300 may include a header 1310, a good-to-go orno-go field 1320, a sector ID feedback field 1330, an MCS field 1340,and a power control field 1350. The sector ID feedback field 1330, MCSfield 1340, and power control field 1350 may be associated with a secondAP.

The example shown in FIG. 9 may facilitate primary/secondarysectorization coordination by performing sectorization training first,followed by explicit sector ID feedback. An alternative procedure mayalso be used to achieve a similar purpose relying on implicit feedbackand channel reciprocity, and is described below. In this example, it maybe assumed that the AP-STA channel is the same as the STA-AP channel,when the same sectorized antenna is used for transmission and receivingrespectively.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example 1400 alternative coordinatedsectorized transmission procedure. Referring to FIG. 14, AP 1410 and AP1420 may each transmit a sounding solicitation (SS) frame 1415, 1425,respectively. The SS frames 1415, 1425 may solicit sounding frames fromSTA 1430 and STA 1440, respectively. For each AP 1410, 1420, the SSframe 1415, 1425 may be transmitted using multiple sectors. The SS framemay be transmitted at the same time, or one after another in time. Inthis example, STA 1430 may transmit a sounding (SND) frame 1435 inresponse to SS frame 1415 and/or SS frame 1425. The SND frame 1435 maybe used to facilitate uplink channel estimation and sector training inAP 1410. The SND frame 1435 may also be used to facilitate SO detectionin AP 1420.

The AP 1410 receiver may sweep different sectors during this procedure.For example, the AP 1410 receiver may use sector 1 to receive during thefirst repetition period of the SND frame 1435, use sector 2 to receiveduring the second repetition period of the SND frame 1435, use sector 3to receive during the third repetition period of the SND frame 1435, anduse sector 4 to receive during the fourth repetition period of the SNDframe 1435. Different automatic gain controls (AGCs) may be used fordifferent repetitions of the SND frame 1435.

STA 1440 may transmit a SND frame 1445 in response to the SS frame 1415and/or the SS frame 1425. The SND frame 1445 may be used to facilitateuplink channel estimation and sector training in AP 1420. The SND frame1445 may also be used to facilitate SO detection in AP 1410. The SNDframe 1445 may be repeated multiple times.

The AP 1420 receiver may sweep different sectors during this procedure.For example, the AP 1420 receiver may use sector 1 to receive during thefirst repetition period of the SND frame 1445, use sector 2 to receiveduring the second repetition period of the SND frame 1445, use sector 3to receive during the third repetition period of the SND frame 1445, anduse sector 4 to receive during the fourth repetition period of the SNDframe 1445. Note that different AGCs may be used for differentrepetitions of the SND frame 1445. SND frame 1435 may be transmittedearlier than SND frame 1445, or later.

AP 1410 may transmit a sounding confirmation (SC) frame 1450. The SCframe 1450 may indicate the sector ID S(1,1) to be used by AP 1410 toserve STA 1430, based on channel estimation from STA 1430 to AP 1410.The SC frame 1450 may also indicate whether STA 1440 is spatiallyorthogonal to AP 1410, when the above sector ID S(1,1) is to be used byAP 1410. If STA 1440 is SO to AP 1410 with the selected sector S(1,1),then AP 1420 may proceed with transmission to STA 1440. If STA 1440 isnot SO to AP 1410 with the selected sector S(1,1), then AP 1420 may notproceed with transmission to STA 1440.

If STA 1440 is SO to AP 1410 with the selected sector S(1,1), then AP1420 may transmit SC frame 1455. The SC frame 1455 may include theselected sector S(2,2) to be used by AP 1420, on the condition that theselected sector S(2,2) guarantees spatial orthogonality between AP 1420and STA 1430. This may be obtained by AP 1420 by monitoring the soundingframe to STA 1430. If STA 1420 is not SO to AP 1410 with the selectedsector S(1,1), then AP 1420 may transmit SC frame 1455, confirming thatit is not going to transmit to STA 1440.

The sectorized transmission 1 1460 may begin, with sector S(1,1) as theselected sector from AP 1410. The sectorized transmission 2 1465 mayalso begin, with S(2,2) as the selected sector from AP 1420, on thecondition that S(1,1) assures spatial orthogonality between AP 1410 andSTA 1440, and that S(2,2) assures spatial orthogonality between AP 1420and STA 1430. After the transmission is completed, STA 1430 may transmitan ACK packet 1470 to acknowledge correct decoding of the signals fromAP 1410. If AP 1420 transmits to STA 1440 in the meantime, STA 1440 mayalso transmit an ACK packet 1475 to acknowledge correct decoding of thesignals from AP 1420.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of an example SND frame 1500 shown in FIG. 14. Asshown in FIG. 15, the SND frame 1500 may be repeated multiple times.Each copy 1510, 1520, 1530 of the SND frame 1500 may be a null datapacket, and may not contain MAC level data. Each copy 1510, 1520, 1530of the SND frame 1500 may contain a short training field (STF) 1540 anda long training field (LTF) 1550 to perform an automatic gain control(AGC) adjustment, frequency and time synchronization, as well as channelmeasurements such as channel estimation. Each copy 1510, 1520, 1530 ofthe SND frame 1500 may include a signal (SIG) field 1560. Each copy1510, 1520, 1530 of the SND frame 1500 may be separated by a GI 1570,1580, 1590.

The SO condition may be considered in 802.11ah for sectorizedtransmission. The SO condition may be satisfied if an OBSS STA or APreceives the omni-directional transmission, but does not receive thesubsequent sectorized beam transmission from the AP, and/or does notreceive the transmission from the STA involved in the frame exchange.Different types of frame exchange sequences may lead to the SOcondition. FIGS. 3-7 show example SO conditions that may be used in802.11ah. The frame exchange sequences may focus on an existing pair oftransmissions, and may use an SO condition that may be confirmed by athird STA/AP. The third STA/AP may be an OBSS STA/AP and may beginanother spatially orthogonal transmission.

Example rules and procedures of SO transmission initiated by the thirdOBSS STA/AP may be implemented. For example, the original pair of AP andSTA that are shown in FIGS. 3-7 may be denoted as AP1 and STA1. The OBSSAP and STA that may confirm the SO condition before transmission may bedenoted as AP2 and STA2. The transmission between AP2 and STA2 in thisexample may be referred to as a conditional SO transmission.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example 1600 SO transmission between an APand a STA when an SO condition may be confirmed by using an exchangesequence 1 between AP1 1610 and STA1 1620. A frame exchange sequence 1,for example in 802.11ah, may serve as an example for an SO conditionconfirmation. This example may be extended when other possible frameexchanges are utilized. An SO condition may be confirmed by an OBSSSTA/AP that receives the omni-directional transmission of the AP, butdoes not receive the beamformed or sectorized transmission of the AP,and/or does not receive the transmission of the STA. During theomni-transmission period between AP1 1610 and STA1 1620, AP2 1630 maylisten and confirm the SO condition. In the meantime, AP2 1630 mayreceive the omni-transmission from AP1 1610 and check the NAV settingfor the rest of sectorized transmission between AP1 1610 and STA1 1620.

If AP2 1630 plans to transmit during the sectorized transmission betweenAP1 1610 and STA1 1620, AP2 1630 may calculate the outgoing packetduration and truncate the packet if it is longer than the NAV period.After confirming the SO condition, AP2 1630 may begin transmission toone of the associated STAs in its BSS, for example, STA2 1640. AP2 1630may use the same antenna pattern for detecting the SO condition andconducting the conditional SO transmission. AP2 1630 may use asectorized antenna pattern to monitor/receive the omni-directionaltransmission between AP1 1610 and STA1 1620. AP2 1630 may use the samesectorized antenna pattern for the following conditional SOtransmission. AP2 1630 may use an omni-directional antenna pattern tomonitor/receive the omni-directional transmission between AP1 1610 andSTA1 1620. AP2 1630 may use the omni-directional antenna pattern for thefollowing conditional SO transmission.

AP2 1630 may determine whether STA2 1640 confirms the SO condition. Thismay be performed by exchanging RTS/CTS sequences, for example RTS frame1650 and CTS frame 1660, between AP2 1630 and STA2 1640. The RTS/CTSframes may be modified to signal that the following transmissions arethe conditional SO transmission. One or more bits indicating conditionalSO transmission may be transmitted in a SIG field, MAC header or MACbody of RTS/CTS frames. The MAC address of AP1 1610 and STA1 1620, orother information indicating the transmission of AP1 1610 and STA1 1620may be included in the RTS frame 1650. In this way, STA2 1640 may have aview of which SO condition to confirm and which NAV setting it mayignore.

The transmission of an RTS frame 1650 may utilize the same antennapattern as when AP2 1630 confirms the SO condition. Alternatively, thetransmission of an RTS frame 1650 may utilize a different antennapattern as when AP2 1630 confirms the SO condition. Before transmittingthe RTS frame 1650, AP2 1630 may perform a backoff a distributedcoordination function (DFS) interframe space (DIFS) duration prior tothe beginning of the sectorized transmission from AP1 1610. An extratime duration may be defined to allow AP2 1630 and other OBSS STAs toconfirm that they cannot receive the sectorized transmission from AP11610. Accordingly, AP2 1630 may transmit DIFS+extra timeduration+backoff prior to the beginning of the sectorized transmission.

STA2 1640 may reply with a CTS frame 1660 although it may set its NAVaccording to the omni packet transmitted by AP1 1610 if the conditionalSO transmission bit is detected in the RTS frame 1650. STA2 1640 mayconfirm the SO condition prior to transmitting the CTS frame 1660. AP21630 may then begin sectorized or omni data transmission to STA2 1640using the same antenna pattern as when AP2 1630 confirms the SOcondition. The duration of the packet transmitted from AP2 1630 and alsothe expected ACK frame 1670 from STA2 1640, if any, may be shorter thanthe NAV setting announced by AP1 1610 for the SO condition. In oneexample, the AP2 1630 may guarantee that the transmission will beterminated before the end of the NAV set by AP1 1610 and STA1 1620.

In the above example, AP2 1630 may be an OBSS AP, and may initiate theconditional SO transmission. In a more general example, both OBSS AP orSTA may initiate the conditional SO transmission. In the above exampleprocedure, a conditional SO indicator may be added to the RTS frame 1650and CTS frame 1660 exchanged between AP2 1630 and STA2 1640 such thatthe responder, STA2 1640 in this example, may reset the NAV previouslyset by the omni-directional transmission from AP1 1610. An alternativemethod may be to allow all the OBSS APs and STAs to reset the NAV tozero if they confirm the SO condition. Accordingly, all the OBSS APs andSTAs may initiate or respond to a conditional SO transmission.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of an example 1800 cooperative sectorized (CS)transmission. Procedures for training, feedback and data transmissionmay be used where multiple WiFi APs with sectorized antennas cooperateand transmit data to a single STA in the spatial and frequency domainsto improve area throughput.

A network may identify sector pairs across different APs suitable for CStransmission. When a STA joins a network with the ability forcooperative sectorization, it may indicate that it supports multiple APassociation and cooperative sectorization during the sector capabilitiesexchange with its primary BSS. The STA may transmit a probe request tothe network. In this example, AP1 1710 and AP2 1720 may transmit proberesponses with multiple AP association and cooperative sectorizationcapability set to true. The STA 1730 may transmit an association requestaggregated with a capability frame with the multiple AP association andcooperative sectorization capability set to true, AP1 1710 set as theprimary AP and AP2 1720 set as the secondary AP. This associationrequest may indicate to the network that data for the STA 1730 may besent to both AP1 1710 and AP2 1720 on the distribution system (DS) or bya direct link between AP1 1710 and AP2 1720 if available.

The STA 1730 may feedback the best sector ID for each AP. STA-requestedmulti-AP training and feedback may be implemented by AP-directed singleAP training and feedback.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of an example 1800 STA-requested multi-AP trainingand feedback procedure. The STA 1810 may initiate the sector trainingrequests for both APs. For example, the STA 1810 may transmit a sectortraining request 1835 heard by both AP1 1820 and AP2 1830. AP1 1820 mayset up a TXOP 1840 in BSS1 long enough for NDP transmissions from eachsector in the BSS for both BSS1 and BSS2. This example may imply thatAP1 1820 may know the number of sectors in AP2 1830 and the time neededfor AP2 1830 to complete its sector training. AP2 1830 may set up a TXOPin BSS2 long enough for NDP transmissions 1860 from each sector in theBSS for both BSS1 and BSS2. This may imply that AP2 1830 may know thenumber of sectors in AP1 1820 and the time needed for AP1 1820 tocomplete its sector training.

AP1 1820 may initiate its sector training/discovery procedure bytransmitting an NDP announcement 1855, then a series of NDPs 1857, onefor each sector to be discovered. On completion of the sector trainingfor AP1 1820, STA 1810 may transmit an ACK 1870 or a sector ID feedbackframe.

AP2 1830 may overhear the ACK 1870 from the STA 1810 and initiate itssector training procedure. AP2 1830 may transmit an NDP announcement1865, then a series of NDPs 1867, one for each sector to be discovered.On completion of the sector training for AP2 1830, STA 1810 may transmitan ACK 1870 or a sector ID feedback frame 1880. The sector ID feedbackframe 1880 may be an aggregated frame with AP1:Sector1ID, AP2:Sector2ID.Alternatively, the STA 1810 may store the sector ID for the secondarySTA and feed it back during the CS transmission procedure.

FIG. 19 is a diagram of an example 1900 AP-directed single AP trainingand feedback procedure. In this example, the STA 1910 may listen toindependent sector feedback procedures from each AP and feedback thedesired sector ID using a sector ID feedback frame to the AP in thesector training mode. AP1 1920 may setup a TXOP 1930 in BSS1 long enoughfor NDP transmissions 1940 from each sector in the BSS1 at time t1. AP11920 may transmit an NDP announcement 1945, then a series of NDPs 1947,one for each sector to be discovered. On completion of the sectortraining for AP1 1920, STA 1910 may transmit a sector ID feedback frame1950. AP2 1960 may setup a TXOP 1970 in BSS2 long enough for NDPtransmissions 1980 from each sector in the BSS1 at time t2. AP2 1960 maytransmit an NDP announcement 1985, then a series of NDPs 1987, one foreach sector to be discovered. On completion of the sector training forAP2 1960, STA 1910 may send a sector ID feedback frame 1990.

A modified sector feedback frame that feeds back all valid AP x andsector ID y may be used. The times t1 and t2 may be coordinated toreduce the amount of interference in the network and improve the sectordiscovery procedure. The STA may be associated to each AP and be able tocompete for resources in each AP to feedback the desired sector ID.Alternatively, the STA may store the sector ID for the secondary STA andfeed it back during the CS transmission procedure.

FIG. 20 is a diagram of an example 2000 STA initiated CS transmission.Multiple APs may transmit information to a single STA in a sectorizedmulti-AP network. The transmission may be STA initiated in which the STArequests a CS transmission or the transmission may be AP-initiated inwhich the AP requests a CS transmission. It may be assumed that the APs,sectors and STAs involved in this procedure have been pre-selected.

In a STA initiated CS transmission, AP1 2010 may transmit a normal RTSframe 2020 to the STA 2030 indicating data is available fortransmission. The STA 2030 may reply with a CS-CTS frame 2040 indicatingan ability for multi-AP reception. The CS-CTS frame 2040 may include aCS transmission flag that may work with the assumption that the APs andsectors that will be used for the CS transmission are known.Alternatively, the CS-CTS frame 2040 may include information on theAPs/Sectors discovered by the STA 2030 during the sector discoveryprocess. This information may include the actual APs to be used, in thisexample 2 AP/sector pairs, or may include all candidate APs/sectors thatmay be used.

In an AP directed CS transmission, the AP1 2010 may transmit a CStransmission desired flag to the STA 2030 with a CS-RTS frame (notshown). The STA 2030 may reply with a CS-CTS frame (not shown),informing AP2 2050 that a CS transmission is desired. AP2 2050 maytransmit a CS-ACK frame 2060 to indicate to the STA 2030 that it isavailable for multi-AP cooperative sectorized transmission.

The STA 2030 may transmit a CS transmission ready (CS-RDY) frame 2070 toAP1 2010 and AP2 2050 to indicate readiness to accept data. AP1 2010 andAP2 2050 may transmit data 2080, 2085, respectively, to the STA 2030 onthe desired sectors. The data 2080, 2085 may be transmitted asindependent streams increasing the throughput of the transmission. Thedata 2080, 2085 may be transmitted as identical streams with anadditional frequency rotation, for example cyclic stream diversity, toimprove the reliability of the transmission. The STA 2030 may transmitan ACK frame 2090 to AP1 2010 and/or AP2 2050.

FIG. 21 is a diagram of an example procedure 2100, where an AP may beconfigured to set its transmit power to ensure that a STA is notinterfered with. The STA transmit power, for example, may be unknown forSO in IEEE 802.11ah. Accordingly, an OBSS AP may mistakenly concludethat it is spatially orthogonal to the primary AP/STA, while it isactually not. Power control methods may guarantee that the spatialorthogonality condition checking is sufficient. When AP1 2110 and STA12120 are the primary AP and STA, AP2 2130 and STA2 2140 may be the OBSSAP and OBSS STA. AP1 2110 may initiate a sectorized transmission to STA12120, while at the same time AP2 2130 may monitor 2150 if it isspatially orthogonal to AP1 2110 and STA1 2120. If AP2 2130 is spatiallyorthogonal to AP1 2110, and AP2 2130 is spatially orthogonal to STA12120, then AP2 2130 may initiate a new transmission with at least STA22140 (or others), even while the AP1-STA1 transmission is ongoing.

The spatial orthogonality condition for AP1 2110, AP2 2130 spatialorthogonality may be defined such that AP2 2130 is able to receive theomni-packet transmission from AP1 2110, and AP2 2130 is not able toreceive the directional transmission from AP1 2110. Both conditions maybe met to satisfy the SO condition. On the other hand, the SO conditionfor STA1 2120 may be defined such that AP2 2130 is not able to receivethe transmissions from STA1 2120.

P(AP1, omni) may be the AP1 transmit power during the omni-transmissionstage, P(AP1, directional) may be the AP1 transmit power duringsectorized transmission stage, P(STA1) may be the transmit power used bySTA1 2120, and P(AP2) may be the AP2 transmit power to be used by AP22130 if SO condition is met and AP2 2130 plans to start a concurrenttransmission. P(STA1) may be used by AP2 2130 to enable proper transmitpower setting at AP2 2130. Otherwise, if P(AP2) is larger than P(STA1),STA1 may be interfered by AP2 2130 even if spatial orthogonality issatisfactory.

The following procedure may be used to guarantee proper power controlfor SO transmissions. Referring to FIG. 21, AP1 2110 may initiate thetransmissions starting with an omni-transmitted packet 2160, usingtransmit power P(AP1, omni). Within this omni-transmitted packet 2160,AP1 2110 may signal to AP2 2130 explicitly or implicitly the transmitpower to be used by STA1 2120, for example P(STA1). If signaledexplicitly, P(STA1) may be represented by a number of bits and may bedecoded by both STA1 2120 and AP2 2130. If signaled implicitly, P(STA1)may be a nominal transmit power (agreed upon by all STAs within thenetwork) and may be understood by both STA1 2120 and AP2 2130. Eitherway, P(STA1) may be obtained by AP2 2130 for future use. STA1 2120 maytransmit some response packets, using the transmit power indicated byP(STA1). AP1 2110 may continue with an omni-transmitted short packet,using the same transmit power P(AP1, omni). AP1 2110 may continue withsectorized transmissions P(AP1, directional). AP2 2130 may monitor thetransmissions from AP1 2110 and STA1 2120. If both AP1-AP2 SO conditionand STA1-AP2 SO condition hold true, AP2 2130 may initiate a newtransmission. AP2 2130 may use a transmit power P(AP2) no larger thanP(STA1), which may be obtained at AP2 2130. The transmit power P(AP2)may be set less than or equal to P(STA1) to guarantee the spatialorthogonality. Without this setting, the SO checking may be erroneous.

For normal 802.11 transmissions without using spatial orthogonalsectorized transmissions, if AP2 2130 has a packet to transmit, it mayperform CCA before transmission whereby when a preamble is present, theCCA algorithm may indicate a busy channel with >90% probability within a4 μs observation window when the signal is received at −82 dBm. If apreamble is not present, the CCA algorithm may indicate a busy channelwith >90% probability within a 4 μs observation window when the signalis received at −62 dBm.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of an example 2200 sectorized clear channelassessment (CCA) and omni-directional CCA procedure. CCA requirementsmay be defined to avoid interference or collision for sectorizedtransmissions. In sectorized transmissions, power may vary based on thedirection of the transmissions. Hence, an adaptively adjusted CCA levelbased on effective isotropically radiated power may be desirable.Effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) may be the amount of powerthat a theoretical isotropic antenna, which evenly distributes power inall directions, may emit to produce the peak power density observed inthe direction of maximum antenna gain, where:

EIRP=Pt+Ga,  Equation (1)

where Pt may be the transmitted power, and Ga may be the antenna gain ina specific direction.

For example, an AP 2210 may be capable of omni-directional transmissions2220 as well as sectorized transmission 2230. During omni-transmissions2220, the EIRP may be equal to Pt, assuming a 0 dB antenna gain. Duringsectorized transmission 2230, EIRP may be equal to Pt+Ga. As the EIRP isincreased, transmission range of AP 2210 may also increase. STA2 2240,which may not hear the AP 2210 in the omni-directional transmission2220, may hear the AP 2210 while it is transmitting to STA1 2250. IfSTA2 2240 had an ongoing transmission with another AP/STA, there may bea collision.

To avoid this situation, sectorized CCA may be performed with increasedsensitivity. For example, the CCA sensitivity for omni-directionaltransmission may be −82 dBm for preamble detection and −62 dBm forenergy detection without preambles. When sectorized transmissions areused with an antenna gain Ga, CCA sensitivity may be (−82-Ga) dBm forpreamble detection, (i.e., the CCA algorithm may indicate a busy channelwith >90% probability within a 4 μs observation window when the signalis received at (−82-Ga) dBm). If an omni-receive antenna is used, a moresensitive CCA detection algorithm may be used. Alternatively, if asectorized receive antenna is used with sectorization gain Ga dB, thesame CCA detection algorithm may be used.

When sectorized transmissions are used with an antenna gain Ga dB, CCAsensitivity may be (−62-Ga) dBm for energy detection, (i.e., the CCAalgorithm may indicate a busy channel with >90% probability within a 4μs observation window when the signal is received at (−62-Ga) dBm forenergy detection). If an omni-receive antenna is used, a more sensitiveCCA detection algorithm may be used. Alternatively, if a sectorizedreceive antenna is used with sectorization gain Ga dB, the same CCAdetection algorithm may be used.

The receiver CCA algorithm may perform a regular CCA assuming anomni-directional receive antenna to complete energy detection at −62 dBmwithin 4 μs and complete preamble detection at −82 dBm within 4 μs. Byusing the regular CCA, any omni-directional transmission from the AP/STAmay not cause interference to other potential users. For example, use ofthis regular CCA may prevent interference to STA3 2260, which is locatedwithin the omni-range of the AP 2210, but not within thedirectional-range of the AP 2210.

The receiver CCA algorithm may then perform a directional CCA. Anomni-directional receive antenna may be used. Accordingly, the detectionalgorithm may be improved by Ga dB.

If a preamble is present, the improved CCA algorithm may indicate a busychannel with >90% probability within a 4 μs observation window when thesignal is received at −(82+Ga) dBm. If a preamble is not present, theimproved CCA algorithm may indicate a busy channel with >90% probabilitywithin a 4 μs observation window when the signal is received at −(62+Ga)dBm.

A directional receive antenna may be used. Accordingly, the original CCAdetection algorithm may be used. If a preamble is present, the CCAalgorithm (with extra Ga dB receive antenna gain) may indicate a busychannel with >90% probability within a 4 μs observation window when thesignal is received at −(82+Ga) dBm. If a preamble is not present, theCCA algorithm (with extra Ga dB receive antenna gain) may indicate abusy channel with >90% probability within a 4 μs observation window whenthe signal is received at −(62+Ga) dBm.

Use of the directional CCA may prevent any directional transmission fromcausing unintended interference to far-away users in the direction oftransmission. For example, use of such a directional CCA may preventinterference to STA2 2240, which is located within the directional-rangeof the AP 2210, but not omni-range of the AP 2210. Similarly, if anantenna array is used at the AP side to provide the extra transmitterside antenna gain, a similar CCA may be used.

In certain cases, it may be beneficial to perform transmit power controlduring sectorized transmissions such that the directional transmissionrange is comparable to the omni-transmission range. For example, if Pt1is the transmit power during omni-transmissions, and Pt2 be the transmitpower during sectorized transmissions while Gt is the antenna gainduring sectorized transmissions, it may be beneficial to have Pt1=Pt2+Gtsuch that the same CCA is used for both omni-directional transmissionsas well as sectorized transmissions.

Methods may be implemented for STAs that do not support sectorizedoperation and are in an active sector. An omni-directional beamtransmission may be used to facilitate protection of STAs in a sectorthat may be anticipated for subsequent operation in the active sector.STAs that do not support sectorized procedures may be able to receiveomni-beam transmissions from the AP which are intended to protect STAsthat do support sectorized operation. STAs that receive thistransmission, and do not support sectorized operation, may follow one ormore of the following procedures to mitigate their operation in a sectorthat may degrade their performance.

A STA operating in a BSS that receives a omni-beam transmission from theAP indicating the potential for subsequent sectorized operation mayrespond to the AP indicating the lack of capability for sectorizedoperation. An indication for lack of support for sectorization may beindicated by setting the sectorization type to 3. The STA may also, orinstead, provide to the AP an indication of its capabilities. The STAmay follow this transmission with a short CTS NDP packet which may allowthe AP to determine the quality of reception at this STA. The STA mayalso, or in addition, provide an indication to the AP of its receptionquality.

A STA operating in a BSS that receives an omni-beam transmission fromthe AP indicating the potential for subsequent sectorized operation mayrespond with an indication of the suitability for sectorization, and inaddition provide a group ID indication. An indication of the suitabilityfor use of sectorization by one or more STAs may include an indicationof the neighbor report capability to provide an AP the ability torequest a measurement request element.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of an example measurement request response field2300. A measurement request response field 2300 may include an operatingclass element 2310, a channel number element 2320, a randomizationinterval element 2330, a measurement duration element 2340, a sector IDelement 2350, and one or more optional subelements 2360. A STA mayrespond to a measurement request which contains a channel load requestfor a specific sector ID by responding with a measurement (channel load)report element for a specific sector ID.

A STA may respond to a measurement request that contains a noisehistogram request for a specific sector ID by providing the measurementrequest response field of FIG. 23.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an example STA statistics request response field2400. The STA statistics request response field 2400 may include a peerMAC address element 2410, a randomization interval element 2420, ameasurement duration element 2430, a group identity element 2440, asector ID element 2450, and one or more optional subelements 2460. A STAmay respond to a statistics request for a specific sector ID byproviding the STA statistics request response field of FIG. 24.

Although the solutions described herein consider IEEE 802.11 specificprotocols, it is understood that the solutions described herein are notrestricted to this scenario and are applicable to other wireless systemsas well.

Although the solutions in this document have been described for uplinkoperation, the methods and procedures may also applied to downlinkoperation.

Although SIFS is used to indicate various inter frame spacing in theexamples of the designs and procedures, all other inter frame spacingsuch as RIFS or other agreed time interval may be applied in the samesolutions.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that eachfeature or element may be used alone or in combination with any of theother features and elements. In addition, the embodiments describedherein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmwareincorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computeror processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronicsignals, (transmitted over wired or wireless connections), andcomputer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storagemedia include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), arandom access memory (RAM), a register, a cache memory, a semiconductormemory device, a magnetic media, (e.g., an internal hard disc or aremovable disc), a magneto-optical media, and an optical media such as acompact disc (CD) or a digital versatile disc (DVD). A processor inassociation with software may be used to implement a radio frequencytransceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, Node-B, eNB,HNB, HeNB, AP, RNC, wireless router or any host computer.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for use in a first wireless transmitreceive unit (WTRU) in a wireless network, the method comprising:receiving a signal from a second wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU)that is located within a reception range of a sectorized beamtransmission of the first WTRU; calculating an adjusted clear channelassessment (CCA) level based on a predetermined CCA level of the firstWTRU and an antenna gain associated with the sectorized beamtransmission; and determining, based on a strength of the signal and theadjusted CCA level, whether a wireless medium associated with the secondWTRU is occupied or idle.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjustedCCA level is a sum of the predetermined CCA level and the antenna gain.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined CCA level is a CCAlevel that is permitted in the wireless network.
 4. The method of claim1, further comprising: transmitting a second signal to a third WTRU on acondition that the wireless medium associated with the second WTRU isdetermined to be idle.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining that the wireless medium associated with the second WTRU isoccupied on a condition that the strength of the signal is greater thanor equal to the adjusted CCA level; and determining that the wirelessmedium associated with the second WTRU is idle on a condition that thestrength of the signal is less than the adjusted CCA level.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the sectorized beam from the first WTRU istransmitted at an effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP), whereinthe EIRP is determined based on a transmit power and the antenna gain.7. A first wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) in a wireless network,the first WTRU comprising: a receiver configured to receive a signalfrom a second WTRU that is located within a reception range of asectorized beam transmission of the first WTRU; and a processorconfigured to: calculate an adjusted clear channel assessment (CCA)level based on a predetermined CCA level of the first WTRU and anantenna gain associated with the sectorized beam transmission; anddetermine, based on a strength of the signal and the adjusted CCA level,whether a wireless medium associated with the second WTRU is occupied oridle.
 8. The first WTRU of claim 7, wherein the adjusted CCA level is asum of the predetermined CCA level and the antenna gain.
 9. The firstWTRU of claim 7, wherein the predetermined CCA level is a CCA level thatis permitted in the wireless network.
 10. The first WTRU of claim 7,further comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit a second signalto a third WTRU on a condition that the wireless medium associated withthe second WTRU is determined to be idle.
 11. The first WTRU of claim 7,wherein the processor is further configured to: determine that thewireless medium associated with the another WTRU is occupied on acondition that the strength of the signal is greater than or equal tothe adjusted CCA level; and determine that the wireless mediumassociated with the another WTRU is idle on a condition that thestrength of the signal is less than the adjusted CCA level.
 12. Thefirst WTRU of claim 7, wherein the sectorized beam from the first WTRUis transmitted at an effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP),wherein the EIRP is determined based on a transmit power and the antennagain.
 13. A method for use in a base station (BS) in a wireless network,the method comprising: receiving a signal from a wireless transmitreceive unit (WTRU) that is located within a reception range of asectorized beam transmission of the BS; calculating an adjusted clearchannel assessment (CCA) level based on a predetermined CCA level of theBS and an antenna gain associated with the sectorized beam transmission;and determining, based on a strength of the signal and the adjusted CCAlevel, whether a wireless medium associated with the WTRU is occupied oridle.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the adjusted CCA level is asum of the predetermined CCA level and the antenna gain.
 15. The methodof claim 13, wherein the predetermined CCA level is a CCA level that ispermitted in the wireless network.
 16. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising: transmitting a second signal to a third WTRU on a conditionthat the wireless medium associated with the WTRU is determined to beidle.
 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining thatthe wireless medium associated with the WTRU is occupied on a conditionthat the strength of the signal is greater than or equal to the adjustedCCA level; and determining that the wireless medium associated with theWTRU is idle on a condition that the strength of the signal is less thanto the adjusted CCA level.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein thesectorized beam from the BS is transmitted at an effective isotropicallyradiated power (EIRP), wherein the EIRP is determined based on atransmit power and the antenna gain.